What is Cardano's Chang Hard Fork?

Deen Newman

Deen Newman

September 16, 2024

10 min read

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Cardano has officially taken the next major step towards the Voltaire era – a fully decentralized ecosystem. The first stage of the Chang hard fork was successfully completed on September 1, 2024. After its final phase, the community of people who are using the network will decide how it proceeds.

While the 2024 Cardano hard fork focuses mainly on revamping the governance structure, it also brings some protocol and node performance improvements.

What is the upgrade all about, what changes does it bring, and what to expect next – in this blog post.

Cardano Chang Hard Fork: Highlights

While the Cardano Chang hard fork date was preliminary set for Q2 of 2024, it eventually initiated and successfully happened on Sunday, September 1st.

  • It marks the entrance into the Conway era of the Cardano ledger – the beginning of Voltaire, which is the self-governance phase in Cardano;
  • The Cardano fork is named for Phil Chang, the visionary behind the design of Voltaire at Input Output (IOHK), who passed away in 2022;
  • While the main focus is on governance, core developers updated the tech and infrastructure to smoothly hand off the power to the community;
  • Chang #2 is a follow-on hard fork that happens at least 90 days after Chang #1 and activates full community participation in on-chain governance.

Let’s explore at what stage Cardano is now and look into the technical aspects of the hard fork and what new primitives for developers come with it.

What is Cardano (ADA)?

Before diving straight into the Cardano Chang update, let's first explore the background and the events leading up to it.

Cardano is a Layer-1 blockchain platform with open-source technology and smart contract capabilities. Launched in 2017 to the public, it was founded by Charles Hoskinsion in 2015, also a co-founder of Ethereum.

The protocol introduces and uses a unique Ouroborous Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism, an algorithm selecting validators at random to process blocks. The algorithm randomly changes over time providing more security to the network because of extreme difficulty to predict and interfere with it.

The local state deterministic UTXO model is a key component of Cardano's architecture that defines its scalability, security, and strengthens smart contract (Plutus scripts) functionality.

The network’s reputation for consistent stability and flawless uptime is the direct result of its efforts to build a solid foundation. Cardano puts a value on careful planning and peer-reviewed research over quickly rolling out new features.

Its development follows well-defined, phased stages, wrapping each big shift in a separate “era”.

Year Era Area of Focus Main Changes Hard Forks
2017 Byron Foundation Mainnet launch, ADA token ICO -
2020 Shelley Decentralization Consensus upgrades, Staking, Delegation Shelley hard fork
2021 Goguen Smart contracts Adding smart contracts, Native token functionality & Plutus scripting language Mary & Alonzo hard forks
2022 Basho Scalability Plutus upgrades, Improved network performance, Introduction of L2s and sidechains Vasil hard fork
2024 Voltaire Governance Community-run governance, Interoperability Chang hard fork

The Voltaire era that started with Chang's hard fork is the last phase of the roadmap after which only the community will decide how it proceeds.

What is Chang Hard Fork?

On September 1, 2024, with Chang, Cardano entered the initial stage of the largest upgrade since the Vasil hard fork dated back to September 2022.

The Chang hard fork is expected to activate the governance features outlined in CIP-1694, the Cardano Improvement Proposal, that lays out the framework of the Voltaire self-governance system.

  1. It ensures that decision-making moves from the centralized entities leading the development to the community where ADA holders and stakeholders can propose and vote on network changes and manage the treasury.
  2. While the main focus is on decentralizing governance, it also brings new features and capabilities for easier dApp development and optimizations of costs for smart contracts.

A hard fork in blockchain is a major change to a protocol’s core code that usually makes previous transactions incompatible with the new version, often requiring a complete restart. Cardano, however, approaches it differently.

Rather than wiping the past or dividing the chain, the blockchain continues with the new updates, adding new blocks without any disruption or loss of previous data.

Cardano Chang Hard Fork Readiness

As part of the preparations to implement the upgrade, Cardano node version 9.1.0 was released with a new genesis file that set the rules for the post-hard fork network.

cardano_chang_node_upgrade

Source: X

  1. Cardano node operators switched to Node v9.1.0 to stay compatible with the ecosystem;
  2. Stake Pool Operators (SPOs) upgraded their nodes to validate blocks in the new version;
  3. Major dApps, centralized exchanges, and DEXs updated their infrastructure to avoid any service disruptions post-hard fork;
  4. Developer tooling was also updated, ensuring that libraries and frameworks would remain compatible with the new network version.
cardano_chang_hard_fork_tooling_readiness

Source: Intersect

Community Readiness

Although the original Cardano hard fork date was briefly postponed to allow more preparation time, once the key ecosystem participants confirmed their readiness, the network successfully initiated the upgrade in early September.

For ADA holders, no special action is needed. They can, however, ensure their wallets, applications, and tools were updated for full Cardano Chang hard fork support.

Chang Hard Fork: Technical Upgrades

Cardano Chang upgrade comes together with a brand new version of Plutus, a scripting language of the protocol. Plutus V3 scripts do not bring as critical upgrades as the previous transition from v1 to v2; they’re focused mainly on interoperability with some performance improvement.

New Cryptographic Primitives

Plutus V3 receives support for:

  • BLS12-381,
  • Blake2b-224,
  • Keccak-256.

This will enable zero-knowledge proofs and rollups, and make Cardano and its smart contracts much more interoperable with other networks.

For example, the introduction of Keccak-256 now allows checking Ethereum signatures within Plutus scripts.

CIP-85: Sums of Products (SOPs)

Some changes come to the Plutus Core language by adding native support for data types allowing for more compact and efficient representation of data.

cardano_ada_chang_hard_fork_upgrades

Source: Cardano Improvement Proposals

This directly impacts the size of scripts making them up to 30% faster. Smaller scripts mean less computational effort to execute, and less data to store, which also reduces the cost associated with running the smart contract.

CIP-58: Bitwise Primitives

Introducing Bitwise Primitives allows for the manipulation of data at the lowest level, level of bits.

New functions will enable conversion between integers (numeric data) and byte strings:

integerToByteString
byteStringToInteger

This was a limitation in earlier versions of Plutus, where arbitrary data handling wasn't straightforward. With this change, developers can create highly optimized code for specific use cases.

Overall, Plutus on Cardano becomes far more capable, flexible, and efficient. It optimizes costs for smart contracts and opens the door to complex, data-heavy applications with more use cases and features.

Chang Hard Fork: Cardano’s New Governance Model

On August 30, 2024, Charles Hoskinson announced that the Genesis Keys that gave certain administrative powers over the network to IOG, the Cardano Foundation, and EMURGO (three founding entities for Cardano) had been officially burned. Since that point, they have no central role in the governance.

Deen Newman

Deen Newman

September 16, 2024

10 min read

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